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Energy Design for Tomorrow. Energie Design für morgen

AutorKlaus Daniels, Ralph Hammann
VerlagEdition Axel Menges
Erscheinungsjahr2009
Seitenanzahl368 Seiten
ISBN9783936681253
FormatPDF
KopierschutzDRM
GerätePC/MAC/eReader/Tablet
Preis57,99 EUR

The challenges facing the 21st century are staggering: rapidly increasing population, mounting social instability due to global imbalances of wealth and welfare, resource scarcity and resulting conflicts related to their exploitation and distribution, and certainly the ongoing distress of the environment as a whole. Such severe conditions, including climate change, continue to become greater in number, complexity, and clarity, even though most of them had already been introduced as areas of concern in the 1970s and 1980s. Part I of the book describes potential strategies that will play an essential role in curbing carbon emissions, reducing – or replacing – fossil fuel usage. To better understand the current global energy industry, the book is unique in showing energy consumption data across the globe in comparable units, and it explains how fossil fuels could be replaced by renewable energy resources. Part II explains how the necessary significant reductions in energy consumption can be achieved by alternative means at reasonable cost for power generation to be maintained. A great number of projects are described in the book as case studies that fulfill the variety of current international energy code.
Part III addresses the technological possibilities for energy savings and resource-sensitive solutions related to buildings. Here, the potential of building-integrated solar systems, wind-power generation, rain-water harvesting, and the use of geothermal energy, as well as their implementation in the architecture are presented in detail. On the one hand, the book presents the background for a broader understanding of the medium-range and long-range changes in our energy landscape, and on the other it provides the basis for avenues required to enable us to design strategies based on local conditions and individual geographical locations.
Over the past 20 years, Klaus Daniels and the engineers of his engineering consultancy HL Technik have published four volumes of seminal work related to this subject, and their work is continuously being updated. In this series, the new book is an attempt to illustrate how modern architecture needs to be adaptive to energy conditions and how design and technology can be blended successfully. Klaus Daniels has devoted four decades to advanced engineering solutions as a consulting engineer. From 1991 to 2006 he taught at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH). In 2006, the Technical University of Munich, Germany, celebrated his work with an honorary doctorate in engineering. Ralph Hammann is a professor of design and sustainable building systems in the Department of Architecture of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

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Horizontale Tabs

Leseprobe

1 The greenhouse effect (p. 18-19)
The problem of the future availability of fossil fuels is currently being overshadowed by the discussion of how their use may contribute to global climate change. In this discussion, two opposing camps of scientists and climate researchers come to very different conclusions. One group, led by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), is convinced that climate change is a result of a rise in carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, while another group of scientits disputes this view and suggests that climate change is a natural-occurring process as a result of increased solar activity.

The authors of this book are reluctant to position themselves on the side of either of those camps because they are not climate scientists and thus are unable to fully fathom the complex causalities of the issue.

As a result, the authors will present both positions equally weighted.

The fact that the concentration of carbon dioxide gas in the atmosphere, which was at around 280 ppm in the year 1800, has increased to levels of around 350 ppm today cannot be disputed. The increase of the surface temperature of the Earth is currently approximately 0.8 K (Kelvin).

Historically, times of colder temperatures on earth have always given way to periods of warmer temperatures without a clear association to CO2 levels. Calculations made by the Niels Bohr Institute of Copenhagen allow the conclusion that sudden temperature increases of 7 – 10 K every 1,500 years are natural chaotic fluctuations of the climate system. What also can be derived from these studies is that so far no correlation exists between rising CO2 levels and the global temperature increase.

The analysis of ice cores drilled deep into glaciers has revealed a cycle of glacials and interglacials that have occurred throughout Earth`s history. Currently, we are in a warm period of an ice age, as seen at glaciers at least on one of the Earth’s poles. Warm periods are typically brief periods in a glacial period. Between 8000 and 6000 B.C., temperatures in the northern hemisphere were significantly warmer than they are today, but at the same time the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere passed through a minimum of around 260 ppm. When this level started to rise in the centuries that followed – without human intervention – the temperature, interestingly, started to decrease.

Around the time of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth, a brief warm period was observed, as documented in the records of Roman military campaigns. Around 400 years later, mass migration from the North to the South of Europe began in response to the beginning cold period that lasted around 500 years, until about 800 A.D. Approximately 200 years later, Norwegians settled and cultivated parts of Greenland and North America. Then, in 1300, another cold period began that resulted, between approximately 1500 and 1700, in extremely low temperatures in Central Europe, with summer highs not greater than 15 ºC. Although the temperature in these periods changed dramatically from year to year, CO2 levels remained nearly constant. Any increase in global temperatures at the time was prevented by the eruption of the Laki volcano in Iceland in 1783, which ejected several hundred million tons of dust and gas into the atmosphere.

Inhaltsverzeichnis
Inhalt6
Vorwort8
Einleitung12
1 Der Greenhouse- Effekt18
1.1 Der Treibhauseffekt20
1.2 CO2-Reduzierung, 2 K-Szenario23
2 Fossile Energieträger/ erneuerbare Energien28
2.1 Prognostizierte Energieverbräuche28
2.2 Primärenergieangebot der Natur30
2.3 Verfügbarkeit fossiler Energieträger (Öl/Gas/Kohle/Uran)32
3 Energiekosten36
3.1 Kostenveränderungen fossiler Energieträger36
3.2. Kostenentwicklungen erneuerbarer Energien38
4 Energieverbräuche ausgewählter Regionen40
4.1 Region Europa40
4.1.1. Einsatz erneuerbarer Energien in Europa50
4.2 Region Nord- und Südamerika53
4.3 Region Afrika und Vorderer Orient59
4.4 Region Asien und Ozeanien72
5 Detailbetrachtung Bundesrepublik Deutschland – ein Beispiel80
5.1 Strom- und Wärmeverbräuche, 200682
5.2 Primärenergieverbräuche, Leitszenario 200683
5.3 Endenergieverbräuche, Leitszenario 200685
5.4 Erneuerbare Energien, Leitszenario 2006 Stromerzeugung87
5.5 Erneuerbare Energien, Leitszenario 2006 Wärmebereitstellung88
5.6. Erneuerbare Energien, Leitszenario 2006 Energieeinsatz im Verkehr92
Energiebereitstellung – erneuerbare Energien –, der schweizerische Weg94
6 Detailbetrachtung Schweiz94
7 Detailbetrachtung Frankreich98
8 Energieszenarien, weltweit104
8.1 Primärenergie und CO2-Emissionen105
8.2 Stromerzeugung106
8.3 Wärmeenergie-Erzeugung107
8.4 Energie-(R)Evolution108
9 Postfossiles Bauen120
9.1 Klassifizierung energiesparender Häuser (EnEV, Deutschland)129
9.2 2.000-Watt-Gesellschaft140
10 Die Immobilie der Zukunft – postfossile Gebäude142
10.1 Stopp der Ressourcenverschwendung145
10.2 Planungskriterien145
10.3 Baustoffe und graue Energie151
10.4 Dämmstoffe156
10.5 Fassaden161
10.6 Konzept der Energieversorgung168
11 Klein, aber fein, beispielhafte Bauten170
11.1 Bürogebäude Marché Restaurants Schweiz AG, Kempfthal, Schweiz170
11.2 Wohnen am Lohbach174
11.3 Studentenwohnheim Molkereistraße, Wien, Österreich184
11.4 Ökohauptschule Mäder, Österreich185
11.5 Lehrgebäude ETH-Z, E-science Lab, Zürich, Schweiz187
11.6 Bürogebäude Münchner Rückversicherungs AG, München, Deutschland190
11.7 Solar Decathlon Wettbewerb 2007, 1. Preis, Darmstadt/Washington/Phoenix192
11.8 Micro-compact home, Mini-Wohnobjekt200
11.9 Hauptgebäude Eawag Empa, Dübendorf,204
11.10 Fortbildungsakademie Herne208
11.11 Messehalle 26, Deutsche Messe AG, Hannover, Deutschland212
12 Zero-energy super-tall buildings – Vision oder Illusion218
12.1 Gebäudeintegrierte Windkraftanlagen (BIWP, building integrated wind power)220
12.2 Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou, China222
12.3 Hochhaus „Phare“, Paris230
12.4 Projekt „Phare“ – Mittlerer Osten242
12.5 Icade Tower, Mitteleuropa (Kontinentalklimazone)248
13 Nutzung erneuerbarer Energien260
13.1 Aktive Technologien an und im Gebäude260
13.1.1 Wärmespeicherung/Nachtauskühlung260
13.1.2 Nutzung von Biomasse264
13.1.3 Untiefe Geothermie266
13.1.4 Erdrohre/Thermolabyrinth273
13.1.5 Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung277
13.1.6 Solarthermie279
13.1.7 Photovoltaik285
13.1.8 Brennstoffzelle292
13.1.9 Windkraft295
13.2 Großformatige Technologien (virtuelle Kraftwerke)296
13.2.1 Solarthermische Kraftwerke298
13.2.2 Aufwindkraftwerke310
13.2.3 Biomasse-Kraftwerke312
13.2.5 Geothermie316
13.2.6 Nutzung der Meeresenergie Gezeitenenergie Wellenenergie323
13.2.7 Druckluftkraftwerke334
14 Energiespeicherung336
14.1 Batterien336
14.2 Wasserstoffspeicher337
14.3 Wasserspeicher337
14.4 Druckluftspeicher337
14.5 Heißwasserspeicher338
14.6 Eisspeicher338
14.7 Schwungradspeicher338
15 Fazit340
Firmenprofile348
Literaturverzeichnis / Bildnachweis352
Schlagwortverzeichnis360
Content4
Preface8
Introduction12
1 The greenhouse effect18
1.1 The greenhouse effect: in detail20
1.2 CO2 reduction, 2K scenario23
2 Fossil energy sources, renewable energy28
2.1 Prognosis of energy consumption28
2.2 Primary energy offered by nature30
2.3 Availability of fossil energy sources (oil, gas, coal, uranium)32
3 Energy cost36
3.1 Changes in cost of fossil fuels36
3.2 Cost tendencies for renewable energy sources38
4 Energy consumption of selected world regions40
4.1 Region: Europe40
4.1.1 Use of renewable energy sources in Europe50
4.2 North and South American region53
4.3 Africa and Middle East region59
4.4. Asia and Oceania region72
5 Detailed view: Germany – case study80
5.1 Electricity and thermal consumption, 200682
5.2 Primary energy consumption, Leitszenario 200683
5.3 Final energy consumption, Leitszenario 200685
5.4 Renewable energy, Leitszenario 2006 Electricity generation87
5.5 Renewable energy, Leitszenario 2006 Thermal energy generation88
5.6 Renewable energy, Leitszenario 2006 Energy for the transportation sector92
6 Detailed view Switzerland94
7 Detailed view: France98
8 Global energy scenarios104
8.1 Primary energy and CO2 emissions105
8.2 Generation of electricity106
8.3 Generation of thermal energy107
8.4 Energy-(R)evolution108
9 Buildings for the post-fossil fuel era120
9.1. Classification of building construction according to energy savings (Energy Savings Regulation for Buildings, or Energieeinsparverordnung für Gebäude (EnEV), Germany)129
9.2 The 2,000-Watt society140
10 Real estate of the future – post-fossil fuel buildings142
10.1 Stop the waste of resources145
10.2 Design principles145
10.3 Building materials and grey energy151
10.4 Insulation materials156
10.6 The concept of energy supply168
11 Small is beautiful! Exemplary small-scale projects170
11.1 Office building Marché Restaurants Schweiz AG, Kempfthal, Switzerland170
11.2 Wohnen am Lohbach174
11.3 Student dormitories hall Molkereistraße, Vienna, Austria184
11.4 Ökohauptschule Mäder, Austria185
11.5 University building ETH-Z, E-science Lab, Zurich, Switzerland187
11.6 Office building Münchner Rückversicherungs AG, Munich, Germany190
11.7 Solar Decathlon Competition 2007, 1st prize Darmstadt, Germany Washington D.C. Phoenix192
11.8 Micro-compact home200
11.9 Main building Eawag Empa, Dübendorf, Switzerland204
11.10 Training academy Herne208
11.11 Exhibition Hall 26, International Hanover Trade Fair, Hanover, Germany212
12 Zero-energy super-tall buildings: vision or illusion?218
12.1 Building integrated wind power systems (BIPW)220
12.2 Pearl River Tower, Guangzhou, China222
12.3 The “Phare” (lighthouse) high-rise in Paris230
12.4 High-rise project “Phare” Middle East242
12.5 IcadeTower, Central Europe (continental climate region)248
13 Utilizing renewable energies260
13.1 Active technologies in and at buildings260
13.1.1 Thermal storage and night cooling260
13.1.2 Utilization of biomass264
13.1.3 Shallow geothermal applications266
13.1.4 Earth tubes and geothermal labyrinths273
13.1.5 Cogeneration, or combined heat-power plants (CHP)277
13.1.6 Solar thermal energy279
13.1.7 Photovoltaic systems285
13.1.8 Fuel cell technology292
13.1.9 Wind power295
13.2 Large-scale technology (virtual power plants)296
13.2.1 Solar thermal power plants298
13.2.2 Solar updraft power plants310
13.2.3 Biomass power plants312
13.2.5 Geothermal energy316
13.2.6 Use of the energy of the oceans Tidal energy Wave energy323
13.2.7 Compressed-air power plants334
14 Energy storage336
14.1 Battery storage336
14.2 Hydrogen storage337
14.3 Water storage337
14.4 Compressed air storage337
14.5 Hot water storage338
14.6 Ice storage338
14.7 Flywheel energy storage (FES)338
15 Conclusion340
Company profiles348
Bibliography / Illustration credits352
Selective index352

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